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Common substitutions such as E => 3 or S => $ are so well known that in practice they do nothing to improve security. Unfortunately keyboards vary in the symbols they support and not all websites accept all characters, some will even silently remove them. So is equivalent to making the password one character longer. Randomly including symbols will increase password entropy by around 10% and

If a password of k bits is chosen at random there are 2 k possible valuesĪdding keyboard symbols to the above ( etc ) can be used to further increase the complexity. Althought the calculation of entropy uses a log function, doubling the password length will (appoximately) double the entropy.Įntropy denotes the uncertainty in the value of a password and is conventionally expressed in bits.

A password containing only upper and lower case characters has 52 possible characters in each digit, adding numerals and other characters will increase this further.

The capacity of a password can be calculated from length + complexity, to give a measure of password entropy. All the generated passwords are the same length. Password Generators which use a hash function, like the SS64 password generator, are easy to use and will repeatedly regenerate the same password when given the same inputs but they do have some limitations, the only way to change a password is to enter a different main password or a different salt value. Such as CryptoLocker can also make a password store unreadable. If the password store is lost or corrupted you will lose all the passwords! Destructive viruses The downside of the storage approach is that the password storage (file/database) needs to be managed carefully - secured, backed up and synchronised to all the devices where you will need to use the passwords. Password Managers which store passwords and have the flexibility to apply different complexity rules to each password or to store a pre-existing password - often required when a password needs to be shared between a team of people. There are two general approaches to password generation and management: Password security and a comparison of Password Managers